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摘要
商代青铜器纹饰作为中国古代艺术与信仰的载体，其题材与形式深刻反映了当时的宗教观念、社会结构与审美取向。其中，鸟纹饰因其形态多样性与象征复杂性，成为学界研究的重要对象。商族以鸟为图腾的记载散见于先秦文献。如《诗经·商颂·玄鸟》载：“天命玄鸟，降而生商”，直接表明商族起源与玄鸟的关联。《史记·殷本纪》进一步细化这一传说，称简狄吞玄鸟卵而生契，奠定了商人“玄鸟后裔”的身份认同。甲骨文中亦不乏鸟图腾的痕迹，如“亥”字多从“鸟”旁，表明商代贵族对鸟的崇拜已融入文字系统。自20世纪以来，随着清涧寨沟、殷墟妇好墓等遗址的发掘，大量带有鸟纹饰的青铜器出土，为探讨鸟纹饰的起源与象征提供了实物依据。本文以清涧寨沟遗址出土的青铜燕子为切入点，结合考古学、艺术史与文献学方法，分析商代凤鸟纹饰的原型问题及其神化过程，试图揭示其背后的文化逻辑与社会功能。
关键词：商文化；凤鸟纹饰；文化内涵；动物崇拜
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ABSTRACT
AsacarrierofancientChineseartandbeliefs,thesubjectmatterandformofShangDynastybronzeornamentsprofoundlyreflectthereligiousconcepts,socialstructureandaestheticorientationofthetime.Amongthem,birdornamentshavebecomeanimportantobjectofacademicresearchbecauseoftheirmorphologicaldiversityandsymboliccomplexity.TheShangpeoplesrecordsofusingbirdsastotemsarescatteredinpre-Qindocuments.Forexample,TheBookofSongs,ShangSong,Xuanniaocontains:TheHeavenlyDestinyXuanniao,descendingtogivebirthtoShang,whichdirectlyindicatestherelationshipbetweentheoriginoftheShangfamilyandtheXuanniao.HistoricalRecordsofYinBenjifurtherelaboratesthislegend,sayingthatJianDiswallowedtheeggsoftheXuanniaoandgavebirthtothecontract,whichestablishedtheidentityofthemerchantasthedescendantoftheXuanniao.Therearealsotracesofbirdtotemsintheoracleboneinscriptions,suchasthecharacterHaiismostlyfromthesideofbird,indicatingthattheworshipofbirdsbytheShangDynastynobleshasbeenintegratedintothewritingsystem.Sincethe20thcentury,withtheexcavationofQingjianZhaigouandYinxuWomensTomb,alargenumberofbronzeswithbirdornamentshavebeenunearthed,whichprovidesaphysicalbasisforexploringtheoriginandsymbolismofbirdornaments.TakingthebronzeswallowunearthedfromtheQingjianZhaigousiteasthestartingpoint,thispapercombinesthemethodsofarchaeology,arthistoryandphilologytoanalyzethea