YCF01GeneralIntroduction02SampleLetters03WritingSkills目录CATALOG04PracticalGuide05Exercises
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Transportationofgoodsmaytakeplacebyland,inlandwaterway,seaorair.Ininternationalbusiness,marinetransportisthemostcommonlyusedmode.Theshippingclauseisanessentialandimportantpartofacontractsignedbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.Theprocessoftransportinggoodstothedestinationisverycomplicatedandcoversawiderangeofwork,suchasreservingshippingspace,charteringships,makingcustomsdeclarations,etc.Toensurethepromptdeliveryoftheorderedgoodsinasatisfactorycondition,thepartiesconcerned,includingtheconsignor—whosendsthegoods,thecarrier—whocarriesthem,andtheconsignee—whoreceivesthematthedestination,shouldstayinfrequentcontact.?
Therearesomebasictermsandinformationaboutshippingthataregenerallyunderstood.AuniversallyrecognizedsetofdefinitionsofforeigntradetermsisdevelopedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerceinParis,France.Itdefinesthetradecontractresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.TheyarecalledInternationalCommercialTerms(INCOTERMS).Theinternationallyagreed-uponstandardhelpsboththebuyerandthesellertohaveacommonunderstandingofwordsandexpressionsusedinacontract.ThetermsFOBandCIFaretradetermsthatdescribeanagreementastowhoisresponsibleforpaymentofshippingand
insurancecharges,?hebuyerortheseller,andtoorfromwhere.UnderINCOTERMSbothFOBandCIFonlyrefertooceanfreight.However,manycompaniesalsousethetermsforairandoverlandfreight.Forexampletheterm“FOBShanghai”meansthattheshipmentchargesofthegoodswillbepaidbythesellertothecityofShanghai.InShanghai,thebuyerwillberesponsibleforshippingchargestoanyfurtherdestination.“CIFNewYork”meansthatthesellerwillpaythecostsofinsuranceandfreighttoNewYorkCity.