NasirD,HowardJE,JoshiGP,HillGE.AsurveyofacutepainservicestructureandfunctioninUnitedStateshospitals.PainResTreat.2011;2011:934932.*NasirD,HowardJE,JoshiGP,HillGE.AsurveyofacutepainservicestructureandfunctioninUnitedStateshospitals.PainResTreat.2011;2011:934932.***WuCL,RajaSN.Treatmentofacutepostoperativepain.Lancet.2011Jun25;377(9784):2215-25.*CorrellDJ,VlassakovKV,KissinI.Noevidenceofrealprogressintreatmentofacutepain,1993-2012:scientometricanalysis.JPainRes.2014Apr11;7:199-210.****ChuTC,McCallumJ,YiiMF.Breastfeedingafteranaesthesia:areviewofthepharmacologicalimpactonchildren.AnaesthIntensiveCare.2013Jan;41(1):35-40.*注：手术后约30%～75%的病人有明显疼痛；数据显示美国大约有77%的病人被术后疼痛所折磨，我国的术后疼痛镇痛不足也一直存在；术后镇痛不足对机体危害巨大；短期不利影响主要包括：PostoperativePainExperience:ResultsfromaNationalSurveySuggestPostoperativePainContinuestoBeUndermanaged术后疼痛发生率如此之高，但是由于相关人员培训不足、缺乏相关知识、疼痛评估不充分、担心镇痛药物不良反应以及缺乏责任感等原因，患者术后疼痛的控制往往不足。那么，术后镇痛不足，都有哪些危害？有研究表明：术后疼痛可使致死率、致残率显著增加；延缓患者的恢复，还可能会导致慢性痛，降低患者对镇痛的满意度。*Whystillinhospitalafterfast-trackhipandkneearthroplasty?有研究分析了207例骨关节术后患者（TKA为109例；THA为98例）延迟出院的原因。结果发现：在疼痛、术后恶心呕吐、意识不清、肌无力等因素众多中，疼痛是骨关节手术后延迟患者出院的第一因素
***----RowbothamEuropeanAnnualMeetingofAnaesthesiologists,2007罗博特姆欧洲麻醉学年会WuCL,RajaSN.Treatmentofacutepostoperativepain.Lancet.2011Jun25;377(9784):2215-25.**ApfelbaumJL,ChenC,MehtaSS,GanTJ.Postoperativepainexperience:resultsfromanationalsurveysuggestpostoperativepaincontinuestobeundermanaged.AnesthAnalg.2003Aug;97(2):534-40.WarfieldCA,KahnCH.Acutepainmanagement.ProgramsinU.S.hospitalsandexperiencesandattitudesamongU.S.adults.Anesthesiology.1995Nov;83(5):1090-4.GanTJ,HabibAS,MillerTE,WhiteW,ApfelbaumJL.Incidence,patientsatisfaction,andperceptionsofpost-surgicalpain:resultsfromaUSnationalsurvey.CurrMedRes