物理专业英语作业第1页
4GeneralInformation普通信息第2页
4.1StatisticalPhysicsAndThermodynamics统计物理和热力学—79101Molecularphysicsisabranchofphysicsstudyingthestructureandpropertiesofasubstanceonthebasisoftheso-calledmolecularkineticnotions.分子物理学号称是在分子动力学概念基础上,研究物质结构和属性物理学分支。第3页
Accordingtothesenotions,anybody--solid,liquidorgaseous--consistsofanenormousnumberofexceedinglysmallseparateparticles-molecules.(Atomscanbeconsideredasmonatomicmolecules.)Themoleculesofasubstanceareindisordered,chaoticmotionhavingnopredominatingdirection.Itsintensitydependsonthetemperatureofthesubstance.依据这些概念,任何物体——固体、液体或气体,都由数量巨大且极其微小单独微粒——分子组成。(原子能够认为是单原子分子。)物质分子在做无序、无方向不规则运动,运动猛烈程度取决于物质温度。第4页
AdirectproofoftheexistenceofchaoticmotionofmoleculesisBrownianmotion.Thisphenomenonconsistsinthatverysmall(visibleonlyinamicroscope)particlessuspendedinafluidarealwaysinastateofcontinuouschaoticmotionthatdoesnotdependonexternalcausesandisamanifestationoftheinternalmotionofthesubstance.布朗运动直接证实了分子做不规则运动。这种微观现象(只有在显微镜下可见),悬浮在液体微粒总是处于不依赖外界原因连续不规则运动,是物质内部分子运动表现形式。第5页
TheBrownianmotionofparticlesisduetotheirchaoticcollisionswithmolecules.粒子布朗运动是它们分子间不规则碰撞结果。Theobjectofthemolecular-kinetictheoryistointerpretthepropertiesofbodiesthataredirectlyobservedinexperiments(pressure,temperature,etc.)asthesummaryresultoftheactionofmolecules.物体分子动力学理论是解释物体能够在试验中被直接观察(压强、温度等)作为分子活动概要结果性质。第6页
Itsusesthestatisticalmethodandisinterestednotinthemotionofseparatemolecules,butonlyinaveragequantitiescharacterizingthemotionofanenormouscombinationofparticles.Thisexplainsitsothername-statisticalphysics.它使用统计方法,忽略分离单个分子运动,用平均数描述一个巨大组合微粒运动。这就解释了它另外名称统计物理学。第7页
Thermodynamicsalsostudiesvariouspropertiesofbodiesandchangesinthestateofasubstance.Unlikethemolecules-kinetictheory,however,thermodynamicsstudiesmacroscopicprope